![]() ![]() It’s good in the park and for flat land tricks on the groomers too, so if you’re into that kind of thing, it can do that too. But it does have quite a stable feel underfoot, so even though it’s not that stiff, you can still ride at reasonable speeds. That’s not to say that you can’t ride it in powder – just that it’s going to be harder work keeping the nose afloat than with some other types of boards.Īlso, to keep in mind that it’s not that stiff, so in terms of stability at speed, there is a limit there with how fast you can ride it without it starting to feel a little shaky. Probably it’s biggest weakness is going to be in powder. So it’s quite versatile in what it can do. ![]() I would categorize it as an all-mountain-freestyle board. I would say that the Basic is a good board for an intermediate rider as well as for a beginner. This is one of those companies that’s still relatively new (founded 2009) but have already reached a level that makes them one of the top brands in the industry.Īnd they seem to be still constantly improving and tweaking things to make their boards even better – and 2018 is no exception to that. I hope this has given you some perspective on the YES line of snowboards for 2018.Īs was the case for the 2017 models, all of the 2018 models that I rode really impressed me.
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![]() Dolphins have been depicted in various cultures worldwide. Besides drive hunting, they also face threats from bycatch, habitat loss, and marine pollution. Dolphins produce a variety of vocalizations, usually in the form of clicks and whistles.ĭolphins are sometimes hunted in places such as Japan, in an activity known as dolphin drive hunting. Mothers of some species fast and nurse their young for a relatively long period of time. Calves are typically born in the spring and summer months and females bear all the responsibility for raising them. Male dolphins typically mate with multiple females every year, but females only mate every two to three years. Dolphins feed largely on fish and squid, but a few, such as the orca, feed on large mammals such as seals. Most species prefer the warm waters of the tropic zones, but some, such as the right whale dolphin, prefer colder climates. ![]() ![]() They have a layer of fat, or blubber, under the skin to keep warm in the cold water.ĭolphins are widespread. Some species are well adapted for diving to great depths. It is so well developed that some can survive even if they are blind. They have well-developed hearing which is adapted for both air and water. Dolphins use their conical teeth to capture fast-moving prey. Though not quite as flexible as seals, some dolphins can briefly travel at speeds of 29 kilometres per hour (18 mph) or leap about 9 metres (30 ft). They have streamlined bodies and two limbs that are modified into flippers. Various species of dolphins exhibit sexual dimorphism where the males are larger than females. There are 40 extant species named as dolphins.ĭolphins range in size from the 1.7-metre-long (5 ft 7 in) and 50-kilogram (110-pound) Maui's dolphin to the 9.5 m (31 ft) and 10-tonne (11-short-ton) orca. Dolphin species belong to the families Delphinidae (the oceanic dolphins), Platanistidae (the Indian river dolphins), Iniidae (the New World river dolphins), Pontoporiidae (the brackish dolphins), and the extinct Lipotidae (baiji or Chinese river dolphin). A common bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus)Ī dolphin is an aquatic mammal within the infraorder Cetacea. ![]() ![]() ![]() Don’t let people tell you what to think or who to be.Ģ9. Don’t let anyone take that happiness away from you. The happiest feeling in the world is when you do what makes you happy, and nothing else matters. A free bird chooses his way and might not make sense initially, but he’s free to find his path.Ģ8. For now, though, LSU probably isn't quite ready to move on from 2023.27. Perhaps most impressive of all, the SEC has placed at least one team in the MCWS final in 14 of the last 15 years.ĭon't be surprised if 2024 is no exception. (There was no MCWS in 2020 because of COVID.) Overall, the SEC has won five of the last six baseball titles and six of the last nine. An SEC team has now claimed four straight DI baseball titles - LSU, preceded by Ole Miss in 2022, Mississippi State in 2021, and Vanderbilt in 2019. Given that LSU and Florida are both denizens of the Southeastern Conference, we already knew the SEC would pick up another ring on Monday, but now it's official. Back in 2017, they bested LSU in the MCWS finals for their one and only national championship. Helping keep them from eight titles, coincidentally, is Florida. The Trojans, however, haven't won it all since 1998. Now only Southern Cal has more championships with 12. Prior to Monday night's outcome, LSU had been tied with Texas with six titles. In addition to 2023 under second-year head coach Jay Johnson, the Tigers also won both belt and title in 2009, 2000, 1997, 1996, 1993, and 1991. It's LSU's seventh national title in baseballįrom their 19 College World Series appearances, LSU has now emerged with seven national championships. Making it more remarkable is that Evans came into Omaha with just four home runs on the season. That's Evans' fifth home run of this MCWS, and that's a new record for most homers in a single MCWS. With the glove, Crews made a nifty catch leaping into the wall in the third to take extra bases away from Colby Halter. In his final contest as a collegian, Crews extended his on-base streak to 75 games, as he went 4 for 6 at the plate with a triple and a walk. While Skenes didn't see the field in his final college game, Crews helped the Tiger cause in multiple ways. LSU center fielder Dylan Crews and Skenes will likely be the top two picks of the upcoming MLB Draft (Florida's Langford might go No. By the time Jordan Thompson flied out to end the half-inning, the Tigers had an 81.3% chance of claiming the national title. All six were charged to Caglianone, who in the end threw just half of his 46 pitches for strikes.Ĭoming into the top of the second, basic win expectancy gave LSU just a 25.3% chance of winning it all. All that traffic plus five singles allowed LSU to put six runs on the board for the inning. Indeed, Caglianone kindled the LSU comeback with three walks, a hit batter, and a wild pitch before being lifted with one out in the second. ![]() That's can be a poor trait in any context and especially against an LSU offense known for its plate discipline. That's not unusual, as coming into Game 3 he had walked 52 batters in 73⅓ innings this season with another 12 hit batsmen and nine wild pitches thrown in. Staked to a 2-0 lead in the second, though, Caglianone's control faltered. In particular, his big fastball baffled the potent top of the LSU order in that top of the first: The second inning was the turning pointįlorida starting pitcher and two-way star Jac Caglianone looked dominant in the opening frame. ![]() Now for some takeaways from the final game of the 2023 college baseball season. However, he will apparently not require surgery. One downside for LSU is that catcher Alex Milazzo suffered a fractured shin while scoring a run in the fourth. The outcome of Game 3 means LSU and Florida end the season with identical 54-17 records. Skenes, who threw eight innings and 120 pitches in Thursday's must-win over Wake Forest, was available in relief, but Johnson determined his services were not necessary. LSU head coach Jay Johnson, thanks to a substantial early lead that methodically grew over the course of Game 3, did not need to call on ace right-hander Paul Skenes. ![]() In the end, Hurd worked six innings, struck out seven against two walks, and allowed just the two runs. The runs kept coming.Īll the while, LSU starter Thatcher Hurd settled in, racked up outs, and gave the Tigers more length than they probably expected given how the first inning went. The Tigers padded their lead with a four-run fourth inning, thanks in part to left fielder Josh Pearson's fourth home run of the season. However, LSU swiftly rebounded the next half-inning by putting six runs on the board in the top of the second, all without an extra-base hit. LSU in Game 3 fell behind early when star Florida outfielder Wyatt Langford laced a two-run home run to left field. LSU's dominating performance, in which they pounded out 23 hits, came one night after the Tigers themselves were dominated 24-4 in Game 2. ![]() ![]() ![]() As versatile as cast iron cookware can be, there are some areas where it comes up a little short. Tiene lados inclinados agradables, perfecto para tortillas y crepes. Mide 8 a través de más de 7 1/2 mango y es sólo de 2 de profundidad. Fabricado por Colorcast Club de Waterford, Irlanda. Unless a cast iron pot or pan is extremely well-seasoned, there exists a possibility for the metal to be reactive to the foods cooked in it. Esmalte blanco vintage 1970 en sartén de hierro fundido. It has long been understood that eating foods cooked in cast iron may contribute to one's dietary iron intake. Acidic ingredients, like tomatoes, vinegar, and wine, however, can have the effect of leaching excessive amounts of iron into the food. For many this is unacceptable for those afflicted with hemochromatosis, potentially health-threatening.Īnother shortcoming of cast iron, if one can call it that, is its appearance. It is stamped Club Colorcast Waterford Ireland on the bottom, and is enamel coated on the outside. ![]() American foundries, as early as the 1890s, realized there was a particular consumer who desired the attributes cast iron cookware is famous for, but didn't care for its rustic look. More Pictures Below Vintage 2 qt white Club Waterford Colorcast Ireland cookware Teflon cast iron enamelware. To address that issue, pieces were also offered in nickel or chrome-plated versions. Plating gave a more upscale appearance to cast iron. According to an old 1918 Griswold catalog, nickel plating doubled the price charged per skillet. Ironically, plated pieces typically hold lower value as collectibles than bare iron, as they are often worn and not cost-effective to refurbish. In the 1920s, vitreous enamel coating came into vogue, adding the variety of color to the mix. If pieces were porcelainized both inside and out, there was no need for seasoning, and acid reactivity was eliminated. Along with designs devised to allow pots to perform double duty as serving pieces, enameled cast iron would become a utensil of choice for those who could afford it. As with plating, the costly enameling process also elevated the lowly cast iron pot to luxury status. ![]() The downside of enameled cast iron is its propensity to stain and chip. ![]() Burnt-on foods are often difficult to deal with. The finish may also craze, fracture, and flake off of pieces that are improperly overheated or subjected to thermal shock. On the upside, ECI is acceptable for refrigerated food storage, a function not feasible with bare iron.Įnameled finishes are seen on cast iron made by the major American manufacturers included Griswold, Wagner, Favorite, Lodge, Birmingham Stove & Range Co, Vollrath, and others. Some small marks from use and some light pitting to base.Quality appeared to vary from as little as a single, colored coat of paint to a heavy, two-tone vitreous enameled finish. See shipping cost, Ships to United Kingdom, Antigua and Barbuda, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Republic of Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Australia, United States, Bahrain, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, China, Israel, Hong Kong, Norway, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Singapore, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, Bangladesh, Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia, Barbados, Brunei Darussalam, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Egypt, Guernsey, Gibraltar, Guadeloupe, Grenada, French Guiana, Iceland, Jersey, Jordan, Cambodia, Saint Kitts-Nevis, Saint Lucia, Liechtenstein, Sri Lanka, Macau, Monaco, Maldives, Montserrat, Martinique, Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Paraguay, Reunion, Turks and Caicos Islands, Aruba, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, United Arab Emirates, Chile, Bahamas, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Kuwait, Panama, Philippines, Qatar, El Salvador, Trinidad and Tobago ![]() ![]() That being said, the texture and consistency of coconut nectar sugar are obviously different from coconut nectar. When comparing coconut nectar vs coconut sugar, both forms of sweeteners are nutritionally similar and so is their glycemic index, which is significantly lower than other types of sweeteners. ![]() Is there a difference between coconut nectar vs coconut sugar? The packaged coconut nectar sweetener we use in our kitchens is actually sap extracted from the flowering stems of coconut palm trees.Ĭoconut sugar is nothing more than crystallized coconut nectar. Here is everything you need to know: Coconut Nectar Vs Coconut Sugar Given the recent coconut nectar craze, you might be wondering how this new sweetener compares to other well-known ones such as maple, honey, and agave syrup. If you are really particular about only consuming organic produce, you might have to get in touch with the company whose coconut nectar you want to buy to confirm if theirs is organic coconut nectar. Other brands claim to offer organic coconut nectar but this is not always easy to prove. While this does help to caramelize and make the syrup extra sweet, the resulting product inadvertently loses its rawness. Many store-bought coconut nectar sweeteners are manufactured under intense heat and for a prolonged period. This evaporation process helps to remove extra water, sweeten, and thicken the syrup. Traditionally, coconut nectar syrup is extracted from the blossoming stems of coconut palm trees and most importantly, should only go through a very short evaporation technique where the sap is heated at between 30 and 40 degrees Celsius for about 45 minutes. Is coconut nectar sweetener a raw and natural sweetener? The truth is, many commercial coconut nectar syrups do not pass the ‘rawness test.’ Yes, the syrup might be extracted naturally from the stems of coconut palm trees but the fact that this syrup is heated at high temperatures makes it less raw. Whether you are a strict vegan on a raw-foods-only diet plan or you are just looking to use clean and natural products, you might be wondering about the naturalness and rawness of coconut nectar sweetener. Is Coconut Nectar Sweetener Raw and Natural? ![]() The ensuing sap is then dissolved and boiled to bring it to a thicker syrupy consistency, which is then packed and sold as coconut nectar. Rather, it is tapped from the blossoming stems of coconut palms. This is because, in reality, the sweet nectar is not actually extracted from the coconut fruit or the fleshy whites of a ripe coconut. In some circles, the terms coconut blossom nectar and coconut nectar are used interchangeably. ![]() ![]() Therefore, a convergent geometric series 24 is an infinite geometric series where \(|r| < 1\) its sum can be calculated using the formula:īegin by identifying the repeating digits to the right of the decimal and rewrite it as a geometric progression. Geometric Sequence And Series Worksheet By adminPosted on April 22, 2023FebruGeometric Sequence And Series Worksheet The resources obtainable on Therapist Aid don’t exchange therapy, and are intended for use by qualified professionals. For example, the sequence \(2, 4, 8, 16, 32\), … is a geometric sequence with a common ratio of \(2\).\cdot1\) Geometric Sequences Example 1: Given the first term and the common ratio of a geometric sequence find the first five terms of the sequence. ( 5) 1 1 0.8 ( 1) 0.8, First Five Terms: Math Processing Error 0. For the following exercises, find the specified term for the geometric sequence, given the first term and common ratio. ![]() ( 5) n 1 If Math Processing Error n 1 then: Math Processing Error x 1 0.8. For the following exercises, write the first five terms of the geometric sequence, given any two terms. Answers: 1a) arithmetic d 6 b) neither c) geometric r 7 d) geometric r 0.5 or r e) arithmetic d 15 f) geometric r -3 2a) a -10 d6 t n 6n-16 b) a 10 d-2 t n -2n 12 c) a 36 d-5 t n - 5n 41 3. u1 Find the nth term or the geometric sequence with giver first term a and a common ratio r. ![]() Find the first five terms of the sequence. Begin by finding the common ratio, r 6 3 2. Day 2 Sequences ![]() ![]() Halo: The Fall of Reach can be rented and purchased on Amazon Prime and Google Play. The ONI - Office of Naval Intelligence has been tasked with. Despite the ceasefire, Earth's outer colonies remain vulnerable to the Covenant's covert intrusions. In the 28th Century, the prolonged war between humanity and the fanatical alien alliance the Covenant has ended with a tenuous treaty. Where you can watch Halo: The Fall of Reach eMovies - Watch Halo: Nightfall (2014) online full movie for free on emovies.si now. Some of the stellar options in this exhilarating category include Resident Evil: Infinite Darkness, The Adam Project, Space Sweepers, and Cowboy Bebop, just to name a few. 1 Synopsis 1.1 Chapter One: It's Only Just Beginning 1.2 Chapter Two: Sourced from Hell 1.3 Chapter Three: Lifeboat Rules 1.4 Chapter Four: Gods of the Damned 1.5 Chapter Five: Devil Take the Hindmost 1.6 Second Stories 2 Production 2.1 Filming and effects 2.2 Cast and characters 2. Halo: The Fall For Reach is not an option on the streamer, and it doesn’t seem like that will change anytime soon.īut before folks go game over on their streaming subscription, they should know there are plenty of other enjoyable experiences of the sci-fi action variety ready to stream now on Netflix. Netflix subscribers looking to experience this epic Halo-inspired narrative will have to brace for some awful news. The beloved Halo story is told through a three-part animated adaptation and is certainly a must-watch for fans of sci-fi, the franchise, and compelling, action-packed stories.įor those looking for all the necessary intel on whether or not they can watch Halo: The Fall of Reach with streamer clearance, continue on below before the classified material falls into Covenant hands! Is Halo: The Fall of Reach available on Netflix? The 64-minute feature showcases the origin of Master Chief and the Spartan program that made him a hero that would be humanity’s only hope for survival against the dangerous Covenant forces. While there are several movies, comics, and books to check out, one title that should not be slept on is Halo: The Fall of Reach. If fans of Master Chief are looking for something to enjoy alongside Halo Infinite and the Paramount+ TV series Halo, then they do have several options. Role Graphic Design / Concept Design Studio 343 Industries - Halo: Nightfall is a feature-length film created by 343 Industries in partnership with Scott. Are you wondering if the animated sci-fi movie Halo: The Fall of Reach is available for subscribers to stream on Netflix? Keep reading to find out that and more! ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() We had over 100 online updates adding many features, bug fixes, and general improvements to the code. Many exciting things have happened in 2018 in the HAMVOIP community. The download versions at this site have also been updated to this version. RPi2-3_V1.5rc50_Allstar firmware release updates the kernel to 4.14.97-1-arch. Correction in smlogger, lsnodes, and supermon to support NNX 6 digit node numbers.Ĭorrected some minor bugs in the February 11 release. Download code now support Pi 2B,3B,3B+,3A+,and 4. Holiday season and a very Happy New Year!Īdded support for RPi 4B. We look forward to providing you the best service possible in the coming year. Thank you for your past and continued support of HAMVOIP. HAMVOIP is not a 501c3 organization and due to the new tax laws in most filing cases your donation would not be deductible even if we were a non-profit. ![]() Please Help us to provide you with the best possible serviceĬlick on the Donate icon to take you directly to Paypal We GREATLY appreciate your continued support! We're again asking for your donations to help with our infrastructure costs. Many donors stepped forward, and this was a GREAT help! We asked for donations to help with this cost. In 2019, our out of pocket expenses for our servers and development are continuing to increase, at more than $500 a month or $6000 a year. Once these updates are complete, the development focus will again be on adding features to the core app_rpt software. The updated software is nearing the point of full release, with announcements forthcoming.īy early 2020, we're expecting to have a full roll-out of updated registration services and other core systems for users. Recently, we found a solution, based on the ideas behind DNSCrypt. We've spent months studying these issues and considering long term solutions. Many international and even an increasing number of domestic users are having DNS problems due to ISP filtering. HamVoIP is truly becoming global and we are dedicated to provide the best service possible throughout the world! More will be added as we identify regional problems. So, in addition to the six US-based hosting locations, HamVoIP has recently added new hosting servers in Singapore and Germany. Some of these issues were fixed by adding more global service availability. To help meet this need, the HamVoIP Pi Farm is being introduced, using RPi4B hardware.Īlong with the increase in numbers of users, we've also found unexpected infrastructure problems that needed solutions. Many users are migrating to and looking for cloud-hosted solutions. The RPi4B release changed our direction somewhat, including eliminating the need for a Rock64 software port the RPi4B having even more performance at the same price and realistically leaving the stand-alone PC platform all but obsolete. We've had success! HamVoip now has the best software reliability ever!Ģ019 has also been the year of the Raspberry Pi 4B, which we fully support. This year has seen many major software updates, primarily focused on improving the stability of asterisk and related software. Some links may be temporarily missing or broken.Ģ019 has been an incredible year of growth and improvements for the HamVoIP software distribution, with a remarkable increase in the number of international users. HamVoIP has also SOLELY been my hosting expense, with a dozen servers scattered around the world.Ī website update is in progress. Doug, WA3DSP, has been a very important contributer, including feedback, comments, mailing list support, scripting and website development.Īll core software and HamVoIP distro developement has been my effort. I, David McGough, K4FXC, am the developer. It has recently come to my attention there is some misunderstanding about who has developed the HamVoIP software release. Multiple USB fobs on a single system, for now use the RPi3B+. The RPi4B also makes a GREAT AllStar hub, handling more than 150 simultaneous connections. We're looking forĪ resolution ASAP and will provide a firmware update once this problem is resolved.īoards work great for single USB fob nodes, which is has always been the HamVoIP recommended configuration. Problem is NOT present when using RPi2B, RPi3B, RPi3A+ and RPi3B+ boards-only the RPi4B.Ī Linux Kernel bug and is not an identified problem with the actual HamVoIP code. The symptoms include erratic behaviour of each USB fob interface. In June, 2020, it came to our attention that there is a problem with using two or more USB sound fobs Massive hamvoip-asterisk package update to rev 1.7.0. This new firmware image has all packages updated and should now boot all supported Raspberry Pi hardware, Firmware image updated to version 1.7-01. ![]() ![]() Multiple drivers can be specified in the same file. Set the ODBCSYSINI environment variable, eg.Ĭontains driver information, particularly the name of the driver.Restart any open R sessions before connecting to a database.Add ODBCSYSINI=/opt/homebrew/etc to your.The location of your DSN configuration files. You can use either of the options below to specify Need to override the default location where ODBC looks for yourĬonfiguration files. If ODBC has trouble locating your system data source names, you may ODBCSYSINI environment variable can be used to specify theĪ local DSN file can also be used with the files odbcinst -jĬan be used to find the exact location. What option was used when compiling unixODBC. opt/homebrew/etc/odbc.ini, the exact location depends on The DSN configuration files can be defined globally for all users of odbc.ini - which defines connection options.odbcinst.ini - which defines driver options.There are two different files used to setup the DSN information. However these are plain text files you can also edit by hand if Odbcinst which can be used to query and modify the DSNįiles. UnixODBC includes a command line executable On MacOS and Linux there are two separate text files that need to beĮdited. # SQL Server ODBC Drivers (Free TDS)Ĭon <- dbConnect(odbc :: odbc(), "PostgreSQL") Windowsĭata Source Administrator application is used to manage ODBC data UnixODBC - Required forĪpt-get install unixodbc unixodbc-dev Common DB driversįor SQL Server on Linux it is recommended you use the Microsoftĭrivers. UnixODBC - Required forĪll databases # Install the unixODBC libraryīrew install unixodbc Common DB drivers # Microsoft SQL Server ODBC Drivers (Recommended)īrew install sqliteodbc Linux - Debian / UbuntuĮasily install database drivers on Linux distributions which support it, Include an installer that needs to be run and will install the driver toĭatabase drivers on MacOS. ![]() Windows is bundled with ODBC libraries however drivers for eachĭatabase need to be installed separately. Therefore you need gcc 4.8, clang 3.3 or Rtools 3.3 or Odbc and it’s dependencies use C++11 features. Register the driver in a odbcinst.ini file for it to appear Drivers compiled againstĪfter installation of the driver manager and driver, you will have to Implementation builds on the nanodbc C++ library.įor Unix and MacOS ODBC drivers should be compiled against unixODBC. Server, Oracle, MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite and others. This allows for an efficient,Įasy to setup connection to any database with ODBC drivers available, The goal of the odbc package is to provide a DBI-compliant interfaceĭatabase Connectivity (ODBC) drivers. ![]() ![]() ![]() By imposing licensing mandates with price controls and the ability to dictate terms, these states would create a patchwork of what are known as “compulsory licenses” in copyright law. But these claims fall apart under closer scrutiny.ĭistortion and rhetoric aside, these bills represent a fundamental attack on the U.S. The siren call for more access to e-books through libraries gives these arguments populist appeal, and libraries understandably engender sympathies from policymakers. 5 Jonathan Band, American Library Association, Response to Statement of the Association of American Publishers Concerning Rhode Island House Bill 6426, May 17, 2021. and unfair dealing in their e-book licensing practices. They accuse publishers of engaging in “predatory pricing,” 3 Morgan Miller, Maryland Library Association, Testimony in support of HB518 – Public Libraries – Electronic Book Licenses – Access, House Ways and Means Committee, Friday, Febru“price gouging,” 4 Library Futures, Letter supporting Rhode Island H. ![]() 6246, ApNew York Library Association, letter supporting NY S.2890B/A5837B, 2021. ![]() 2 Kathleen Dumais, bill sponsor, Testimony in support of Maryland House Bill 518 – Public Libraries – Electronic Book Licenses – Access, FebruLibrary Futures, Letter supporting Rhode Island H. Proponents of these bills argue that legislation is needed to ensure “equitable access” to e-books, and they assert that this access is impeded by allegedly restrictive licensing terms and high prices. In addition to mandating licenses, these laws also: (1) require copyright owners to provide licenses that allow for digital library lending beginning the same day the works are first released, thus outlawing the longstanding distribution model of “windowing” with staggered release of works in different formats and in different outlets (2) prohibit any limitations on the number of licenses offered to libraries by copyright owners and (3) mandate that licenses be made on “reasonable terms”- an undefined term that effectively authorizes a state to impose price controls and other terms in licenses and to sue copyright owners for noncompliance with these mandates. ![]() In June of 2022, a federal court in Maryland struck down the law and issued a declaratory judgment finding that “the Maryland Act is unconstitutional and unenforceable” because it “conflicts with and is preempted by the Copyright Act.” In New York, copycat legislation was vetoed by the Governor, who concluded that “ecause the provisions of this bill are preempted by federal copyright law, I cannot support this bill.” Similar legislation was introduced in 2022 in Connecticut, Illinois, Massachusetts, Missouri, Rhode Island, and Tennessee, and in 2023 in Connecticut, Hawaii, Kentucky, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. 1 Such legislation has been enacted in Maryland and took effect on January 1, 2022. Constitution and its designation of Congress as the body responsible for securing to authors their exclusive rights.īeginning in 2021, states across the country introduced or enacted legislation forcing publishers, authors, and other copyright owners to license to libraries certain copyrighted works-from e-books and other digital texts to audiobooks-for digital lending. The authors of this paper assert that the proposed compulsory licensing by the states threatens the well-founded principle of a uniform federal copyright law established by the U.S. Beginning in 2021, states across the country introduced or enacted legislation forcing publishers, authors, and other copyright owners to license to libraries certain copyrighted works-from e-books and other digital texts to audiobooks-for digital lending. ![]() |